During chemical reactions, atoms in the reacting substances break their bonds and re-arrange, forming different chemical ...

Different atoms and ions possess characteristic energy levels. Like a fingerprint, they are unique for each species. Among ...

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When a metal element reacts with a non-metal element an ionic compound is formed. When a non-metal element reacts with a non-metal element a covalent bond is formed. Structures and properties ...

It is often possible to separate the reinforcement from the matrix by physical processes. For example, reinforced concrete can be broken up using machinery. This is one stage in recycling the ...