To address the measurement accuracy challenges posed by the internal flow complexity in atypical circular bend pipes with short turning sections and without extended straight pipe segments, this study ...

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate flow pattern transitions and concentration distribution during simultaneous pipe flow of oil–water two-phase flow through the horizontal and ...

Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...