• The choice between an observational study and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is not binary. • No algorithm exists for determining whether an observational study or an RCT is best for answering ...

Comparative effectiveness research increasingly is being recognized as a priority area in cancer research. Although researchers have been conducting comparative effectiveness research for decades, ...

Causal inference in observational settings seeks to estimate the effect of exposures, treatments or interventions on outcomes in the absence of random assignment. Unlike experimental designs, ...

NOTICE: The workshop that is the subject of this workshop summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National ...